Thirukkural 43

தென்புலத்தார் தெய்வம் விருந்தொக்கல் தானென்றாங்கு

ஐம்புலத்தாறு ஓம்பல் தலை.

English Translation

"The manes, God, guests, kindred, and one's self; the cherishing of these five in the due course is the chief duty (of a householder)." 

Detailed Meaning

This Kural (verse 43 from the chapter on Domestic Life, " இல்வாழ்க்கை") by the ancient Tamil poet Thiruvalluvar outlines the five primary duties of a householder (person living a family life). The verse emphasizes that managing one's life according to these five virtues in a balanced way is the highest form of dharma (righteous duty).

The "five fold path" of duty refers to serving the following:

• தென்புலத்தார் (Thenpulaththar) - Ancestors/Manes: This refers to honoring and performing rites for one's deceased ancestors (known as Pitru Yajna in Hindu tradition). They are traditionally believed to reside in the south direction.
• தெய்வம் (Deivam) - God: Worshipping the Divine or the chosen deity (Deva Yajna), acknowledging a higher power.
• விருந்து (Virunthu) - Guests: Welcoming and serving new guests and strangers with hospitality (Manushya Yajna). The term "vrundhu" specifically implies someone who comes without prior notice.
• ஒக்கல் (Okkal) - Kindred/Relatives: Supporting and caring for one's immediate and extended family and relatives. Some interpretations also extend this to all living beings, including animals (Bhuta Yajna).
• தான் (Thaan) - Self: Taking care of one's own self, which includes maintaining one's health, acquiring knowledge, and ensuring one's well-being so that the person is capable of fulfilling all the other four duties effectively. This relates to self-improvement and honouring knowledge about the self (Brahma Yajna).